随着科技文化交流不断深化,科技英语翻译需求持续增长。下面分享科学技术资料翻译常用的方法与技巧,并附大量实战例句对照。
1、直译与意译
直译忠于原文句式;意译不拘泥原文表层结构,还原技术真实含义。
- Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. 译文:爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一的理论。(直译)
- All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 译文:这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。(意译)
- The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. 译文:设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。(意译)
- Part adjustment and repair must be performed on a regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 译文:要使印刷品的质量达到要求,部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。(意译)
2、合译与分译
合译把英文多个短句整合为中文一句话;分译把英文长句拆解成多个中文短句,更符合中文科技文本阅读习惯。
- The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. 译文:植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。(合译)
- The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 译文:医生对血样作了分析,看是不是贫血症。(分译)
- The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon. 译文:太阳的大小看起来有变化,这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。(分译)
- These fragments of rock and iron range from a thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. 译文:这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等,大的直径有 1,000 公里,小的不到 1 公里。(分译)
- Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 译文:制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件,后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。(分译)
3、顺译与倒译
顺译顺着原文语序翻译;倒译调整语序,把后置修饰成分提前,适配中文表达。
- Almost any insulated body possesses to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. 译文:几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。
- The angular‑contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. 译文:向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。
- The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 译文:通过改变晶粒的方位可以改变焊缝的性能。
4、增译与省译
增译补充中文必要词汇,让语义完整通顺;省译删减英文中冗余连词、虚词,不改变技术原意。
- Cartography is the science of making maps. 译文:制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。(增译了动词 “研究”)
- Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 译文:人们发现,自然界里许多元素,都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。(增译了代词 “人们”)
- The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. 译文:电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特:后者是电压的单位,前者是电流的单位。(增译了名词 “单位”)
- That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 译文:同性电荷相斥、异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。(省译了连词 but)
5、定语成分的处理
科技英语大量后置定语,翻译时需要灵活调整位置,避免中文语句臃肿。
- For two forces to cancel, they must act on the same object. 译文:为了使两个力能相互抵消,它们必须作用在同一物体上。
- This charged particle is small enough to be considered as a point. 译文:这个带电粒子小到可以被看成一个点。
- Doubling the volume means halving the pressure. 译文:使体积加倍,意味着使压力减半。
- On integrating this equation, we obtain a formula whereby the exponent of the cosine factor is unchanged. 译文:对这个方程积分后,我们得到了一个公式,根据这个公式,余弦因子的指数并不改变。
- The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. 译文:物体的加速度正比于作用力而反比于物体的质量。
- The energy required to effect the successive accelerations and move an electron from one point to another is called the electric potential difference. 译文:为了引起不断的加速而使电子从一点运动到另一点所需的能量,称为该两点间的电位差。
6、翻译标准:多义词辨析与译文通顺
科技英语一词多义现象普遍,不能照搬普通词义,要结合行业语境选用专业术语,同时译文要通顺自然,避免生硬欧化句式。
- The power plant is the heart of a ship. 译文:动力装置是船舶的心脏。(plant 含义丰富,本处取 “设备,装置” 义。)
- The power unit for driving the machines is a 50‑hp induction motor. 译文:驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台 50 马力的感应电动机。(unit 此处译为 “装置”,而非 “单元”)
- Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. 译文:半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多应用中替代电子管。(不好);半导体器件也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。(较好)
- Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. 译文:狭窄的条件就意味着旅客的腿不能自由活动。(不好);空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。(较好)
- All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 译文:所有物体被知道具有重量并占据空间。(不好);我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。(较好)
- The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 译文:从水中把矿物质去除被叫做软化。(欠佳);去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。(简洁)
学习英语是一个长期不断积累、持续提升的过程,只要坚持不断练习,翻译水平就会稳步提高。
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